An N1500 video recorder, with wooden cabinet.
Video Cassette Recording ( VCR ) was an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips . Kaset Video Recording (VCR) adalah negeri awal rekaman analog format yang dirancang oleh Philips . It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Itu adalah sukses pertama konsumen tingkat rumah perekam kaset video (VCR) sistem. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video ( SVR ) formats. Kemudian varian termasuk VCR-LP dan Super Video (SVR) format.
The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Format VCR diperkenalkan pada tahun 1972, tepat setelah Sony U-matic format yang pada tahun 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. Meskipun pada pandangan pertama dua mungkin tampaknya telah bersaing format, mereka ditujukan untuk pasar yang sangat berbeda. U-matic was introduced as a professional television production format, whilst VCR was targeted particularly at educational but also domestic users. U-matic diperkenalkan sebagai seorang profesional produksi televisi Format, sementara VCR ditujukan terutama pada pengguna domestik tetapi juga pendidikan. Unlike some other early formats such as Cartrivision , the VCR format does record a high-quality video signal without resorting to Skip field . Tidak seperti beberapa format awal lain seperti Cartrivision , format VCR tidak merekam sinyal video berkualitas tinggi tanpa menggunakan Loncat lapangan .
Home video systems had previously been available, but they were open-reel systems (most notably made by Sony) and were expensive to both buy and operate. Rumah sistem video sebelumnya telah tersedia, tapi mereka terbuka-reel sistem (terutama yang dibuat oleh Sony) dan mahal untuk membeli dan mengoperasikan baik. They were also unreliable and often only recorded in black and white such as the EIAJ-1 . Mereka juga tidak dapat diandalkan dan sering hanya dicatat dalam seperti hitam dan putih sebagai EIAJ-1 . The VCR system was easy to use and recorded in colour but was still expensive: the N1500 recorder cost nearly £600 in the United Kingdom when it was introduced in 1972, the equivalent of just over £6000 in 2009. [ 1 ] By comparison a small car (the Morris Mini ) could be purchased for just over £600. Sistem VCR mudah untuk digunakan dan dicatat dalam warna tapi masih mahal: di N1500 perekam biaya hampir £ 600 di Inggris ketika diperkenalkan pada tahun 1972, setara dengan lebih dari £ 6000 pada tahun 2009. [1] Dengan perbandingan mobil kecil ( Mini Morris ) bisa dibeli hanya lebih dari £ 600.
The VCR format used large square cassettes with 2 co-axial reels, one on top of the other, containing half inch (12.7 mm) wide chrome dioxide magnetic tape . Format kaset VCR digunakan persegi besar dengan 2 co-aksial gulungan, satu di atas inci, setengah lainnya yang mengandung (12,7 mm) lebar krom dioksida pita magnetik . Three playing times were available: 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Tiga kali bermain yang tersedia: 30, 45 dan 60 menit. The 60-minute videocassettes proved very unreliable, suffering numerous snags and breakages due to the very thin video tape . 60 menit kaset video terbukti sangat tidak bisa diandalkan, penderitaan snags banyak dan pecah karena sangat tipis rekaman video . The mechanically complicated recorders themselves also proved somewhat unreliable. Perekam mekanis rumit sendiri juga terbukti agak tidak bisa diandalkan.One particularly common failing occurred should tape slack develop within the cassette; the tape from the top (takeup) spool may droop into the path of the bottom (supply) spool and become entangled in it if rewind was selected. Satu sangat umum terjadi gagal harus rekaman kendur berkembang dalam kaset, pita dari atas (takeup) spool droop mungkin ke jalur bawah (pasokan) spool dan menjadi terjerat dalam jika mundur dipilih. The cassette would then completely jam and require dismantling to clear the problem, and the tape would then be creased and damaged. Kaset kemudian akan benar-benar macet dan memerlukan pembongkaran untuk membersihkan masalah, dan tape akan kemudian akan berkerut dan rusak.
The system predated the development of the slant azimuth technique to prevent crosstalk between adjacent video tracks, so it had to use an unrecorded guard band between tracks. Sistem ini mendahului pengembangan azimuth miring teknik untuk mencegah crosstalk antara trek video yang berdekatan, sehingga harus menggunakan tercatat pita penjaga antara trek. This required the system to run at a high tape speed of 11.26 [ 2 ] inches per second. Hal ini diperlukan untuk menjalankan sistem pada kecepatan tinggi rekaman 11,26 [2] inci per detik.
Despite its limitations, the Philips VCR system was groundbreaking and brought together many advances in video recording technology to produce the first truly practical home video cassette system. Meski keterbatasannya, Philips VCR sistem merupakan terobosan dan membawa bersama-sama banyak kemajuan dalam teknologi video rekaman untuk menghasilkan benar-benar praktis sistem rumah pertama kaset video.The very first Philips N1500 model included all the essential elements of a domestic video cassette recorder: Model Philips pertama N1500 mencakup semua elemen penting dari sebuah perekam kaset video dalam negeri:
- Simple loading of cassette and simple operation by "Piano Key" controls, with full auto-stop at tape ends. Sederhana pemuatan kaset dan operasi sederhana dengan "Key Piano" kontrol, dengan penuh auto-berhenti di ujung pita.
- A tuner for recording off-air television programmes. Sebuah tuner untuk merekam program off-air televisi.
- A clock with timer for unattended recordings. Sebuah jam dengan timer untuk rekaman tanpa pengawasan.
- A modulator to allow connection to a normal (for the time) television receiver without audio and video input connectors. Sebuah modulator untuk memungkinkan penerima televisi koneksi ke normal (untuk waktu) tanpa audio dan konektor input video.
The Philips VCR system was only marketed in the UK and Europe. Philips sistem VCR hanya dipasarkan di Inggris dan Eropa. In mid-1977, Philips announced they were considering distribution of the format in North America, and it was test marketed for several months. Pada pertengahan 1977, Philips mengumumkan mereka sedang mempertimbangkan distribusi format di Amerika Utara, dan itu adalah ujian dipasarkan selama beberapa bulan. Because the format was initially designed only for use with the 625-line 50 Hz PAL system, VCR units had to be modified in order to work with the 60 Hz NTSC system. Karena format awalnya dirancang hanya untuk penggunaan dengan 625-baris 50 Hz PAL sistem, unit VCR harus dimodifikasi untuk bekerja dengan 60 Hz NTSC sistem. Unfortunately, for mechanical and electronic reasons, the tape speed had to be increased by 20%, which resulted in a 60-minute PAL tape running for 50 minutes in a NTSC machine. Sayangnya, karena alasan mekanik dan elektronik, rekaman kecepatan harus meningkat sebesar 20%, yang mengakibatkan tape PAL 60-menit berjalan selama 50 menit dalam mesin NTSC.DuPont announced a thinner videotape formulation that would allow a 60-minute NTSC VCR tape (and roughly 70 minutes in PAL), but the tape was even less reliable than previous formulations. DuPont mengumumkan formulasi rekaman video yang akan memungkinkan lebih tipis 60 menit NTSC pita VCR (dan sekitar 70 menit di PAL), tetapi rekaman bahkan kurang dapat diandalkan dibandingkan formulasi sebelumnya.Ultimately, Philips abandoned any hope of trying to sell their VCR format in North America, partly because of the reliability issues, and partly because of the introduction of VHS that same year. Akhirnya, Philips ditinggalkan harapan mencoba untuk menjual mereka memformat VCR di Amerika Utara, sebagian karena masalah keandalan, dan sebagian karena pengenalan VHS tahun yang sama.
VCR later evolved into a related format known as VCR-LP . VCR kemudian berkembang ke dalam format yang terkait dikenal sebagai VCR-LP. This exploited slant azimuth to greatly increase the recording time. Hal ini dimanfaatkan azimuth miring untuk lebih meningkatkan waktu perekaman. Although both formats used identical VCR cassettes, the recordings were incompatible between the two systems, and few if any dual-format recorders existed. Meskipun kedua format yang digunakan identik kaset VCR, rekaman itu tidak sesuai antara dua sistem, dan jika ada beberapa format yang ada dual-recorder. Philips N1700, released in 1977, supported the VCR-LP format. Philips N1700, dirilis pada tahun 1977, didukung format VCR-LP.
A later even longer-playing variant, Super Video ( SVR ) was manufactured by Grundig exclusively. Sebuah varian kemudian bahkan lagi-bermain, Super Video (SVR) diproduksi oleh Grundig secara eksklusif. SVR was designed to exclusively use BASF and Agfa -manufactured chrome-dioxide tape in cassettes that were identical to the earlier Philips ones, with the exception of a small actuator added to the bottom of the cassette. SVR dirancang untuk secara eksklusif menggunakan BASF dan Agfa -diproduksi krom-dioksida rekaman dalam kaset yang sama dengan yang sebelumnya Philips, dengan pengecualian dari sebuah aktuator kecil ditambahkan ke bagian bawah kaset. This meant that only the BASF/Agfa tapes would work in SVR machines, but that such tapes could also be used in the older VCR and VCR-LP machines. Ini berarti bahwa hanya BASF / Agfa kaset akan bekerja di mesin SVR, tetapi kaset tersebut juga bisa digunakan dalam VCR tua dan VCR-LP mesin. Just as VCR-LP recordings are incompatible with VCR, so SVR recordings are incompatible with both VCR and VCR-LP. Sama seperti rekaman VCR-LP tidak kompatibel dengan VCR, sehingga SVR rekaman tidak kompatibel dengan kedua VCR dan VCR-LP. The only model to be built was the Grundig SVR4004, with a few detail variations such as optional audio/video connectors, plus a rebadged ITT 240. Satu-satunya model yang akan dibangun adalah Grundig SVR4004, dengan variasi beberapa detil seperti audio opsional / konektor video, ditambah ITT rebadged 240.
The First Philips machine was model number N1500, after which the format is also known. Mesin Philips Pertama adalah nomor model N1500, setelah format juga dikenal. This had "first generation" mechanics including magnetic braking servo systems applied to relatively large mains voltage induction motors. Hal ini telah "generasi pertama" mekanika termasuk sistem servo pengereman magnet diterapkan tegangan listrik motor induksi yang relatif besar. The later model N1502 had a totally different mechanism using DC motors and more advanced electronics, and was somewhat more reliable. Para N1502 kemudian model memiliki mekanisme yang sama sekali berbeda menggunakan DC motor dan elektronik lebih maju, dan agak lebih handal. A later version again was still called N1502 but had further significant mechanical and electronic advances, and in particular had a worm drive for operation of the loading mechanism rather than a fragile plastic gearbox assembly. Sebuah versi yang lebih baru lagi adalah masih disebut N1502 namun kemajuan mekanik dan elektronik lebih lanjut yang signifikan, dan khususnya memiliki drive cacing untuk operasi mekanisme loading daripada gearbox plastik rapuh. The N1512 model offered composite video input and output connectors, but was otherwise the same as the N1502. Model N1512 ditawarkan input video komposit dan konektor output, tetapi jika tidak sama dengan N1502 tersebut. The VCR-LP model N1700 was closely related to the later N1502 variant. VCR-LP Model N1700 erat terkait dengan varian kemudian N1502. Other, rarer Philips models included stereo sound and editing capabilities. Lainnya, jarang Philips model termasuk suara stereo dan kemampuan editing.
Grundig built a VCR4000 VCR-LP model which had microprocessor control and so treated the tapes more gently than the purely mechanical decks, and the SVR4004 (SVR format) model was very similar. Grundig membangun VCR4000 VCR-LP model yang memiliki kontrol mikroprosesor dan kaset sehingga diperlakukan lebih lembut daripada deck murni mekanis, dan SVR4004 (SVR format) model yang sangat mirip. Other Grundig models included the VCR3000 (believed to be VCR format) and VCR5000AV (believed to be dual format VCR and VCR-LP). Grundig model lainnya termasuk VCR3000 (diyakini VCR format) dan VCR5000AV (diyakini ganda format yang VCR dan VCR-LP).
In the late 1970s, the VCR formats were superseded altogether by Video 2000 (also known as 'Video Compact Cassette' or VCC). Pada akhir 1970-an, format VCR digantikan sama sekali dengan video 2000 (juga dikenal sebagai 'Kaset Video Compact' atau VCC). Due to the similar initialisms , and the fact that both were designed by Philips, the 'VCC' and 'VCR' formats are often confused. Karena sama initialisms , dan fakta bahwa keduanya dirancang oleh Philips, 'VCC' dan format 'VCR' sering bingung. However, the two systems are incompatible, and there are significant differences between them. Namun, dua sistem tidak kompatibel, dan ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara mereka. Some Video 2000 machines carry a modified version of the "VCR" logo, as N1500 and N1700 machines, adding further to this confusion. Beberapa 2000 Video mesin membawa versi modifikasi dari logo "VCR", seperti N1500 dan N1700 mesin, menambahkan lebih lanjut untuk kebingungan ini.
